Clinical examination, diagnostic testing, and treatment options for neonatal calves with diarrhea: A review

Primary diarrhea and septicemia are the 2 most common disease syndromes in neonatal calves. Differentiating between the 2 is difficult but vital, in order to determine prognosis and appropriate treatment. Both syndromes generally present with watery diarrhea, acidbase derangements, and/or negative energy balance. Depressed mentation and recumbency can occur with either disease if acidosis, hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, or dehydration is severe. In this review, we discuss criteria that distinguish primary diarrhea from diarrhea secondary to septicemia and present guidelines for the assessment, care, and management of diarrheic calves. Physical examination is the single-most powerful tool in differentiating the syndromes in individual calves. Therefore, particular emphasis is placed on the assessment of the calf ’s demeanor, including mentation and suckling ability, its ability to stand, and the presence or absence of systemic infection. The value of laboratory diagnostics that assess acid-base and hydration status, and the adequacy of passive transfer are described. Strategies for fluid and electrolyte therapy and the use of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticonvulsant medications are also discussed. Whether aggressive diagnostic techniques and therapeutic interventions are employed depends on the value of the individual animal and the case prognosis. This review provides the basis for optimal decision-making, thus ensuring that optimal care is provided for the calf while meeting the goals of the owner.